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. 2025 Dec 14;18(24):5614. doi: 10.3390/ma18245614
afI Wave amplitude
bf Flange width
E Young’s modulus
fu Tensile strength
fy Yield strength
n Tensile strain hardening exponent
C Strength coefficient
h Girder height
hs Wave height
hw Web height
L Girder length
L0 Calculated girder length
q Wavelength
S Developed wavelength
tf Flange thickness
tw Web thickness
ΔF Load amplitude
N Number of cycles to failure
σnom Nominal stress
σhs Design stress
M Bending moment
V Shear force