Neural Network–Based Adaptive Resource Allocation for 5G Heterogeneous Ultra-Dense Networks

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. 2025 Dec 11;25(24):7521. doi: 10.3390/s25247521

Algorithm 1: Pseudocode for the Proposed Adaptive UA-RA Approach.

Input: MBS, SBS, UE information, QoS requirements
Output: $B S^{*}$ (for UA-RA decision)

1:
Initialize $R B_{i}^{avail}$ , $S_{T}$ ; ▹ Initialization Stage
2:
for all $request from U E_{j}$ do ▹ Requests Classification Stage
3:
Classify into {uRLLC, eMBB, mMTC};
4:
Assign priority P: $P_{uRLLC} > P_{eMBB} > P_{mMTC}$ ;
5:
end for
6:
for all $U E_{j} \in U E$ do
7:
if $speed (U E_{j}) > S_{T}$ then ▹ Tier Selection Stage
8:
$B S_{τ} \leftarrow {B S_{i} \in M B S}$
9:
else
10:
$B S_{τ} \leftarrow {B S_{i} \in S B S}$
11:
end if
12:
$B \leftarrow B S_{τ} sorted by γ_{i j} (desc for U E_{j})$ ▹ Cell Selection Stage
13:
for all $B S_{i} \in B$ do
14:
if $R B_{i}^{avail} \geq R B_{i j}^{req}$ then
15:
$B S^{*} (j) \leftarrow B S_{i}$
16:
break
17:
end if
18:
end for
19:
$γ_{j} \leftarrow SINR (U E_{j}, B S^{*} (j))$ ▹ CQI Mapping Stage
20:
$C Q I_{j} \leftarrow MapSINRtoCQI (γ_{j})$
21:
enqueue( $Q [B S^{*} (j)]$ , $〈 U E_{j}, P_{j}, γ_{j}, C Q I_{j}, R B_{i j}^{req} 〉$ )
22:
end for
23:
for all $B S_{i} \in B S$ do ▹ Resource Allocation Stage
24:
$(R A_{decision} [B S_{i}], R B_{i}^{avail}) \leftarrow RA_Scheduler (Q [B S_{i}], R B_{i}^{avail})$
25:
end for
26:
for all $τ \in {MBS, SBS}$ do ▹ Lending Stage
27:
for all $B S_{i} \in B S_{τ}$ do
28:
if $pending [B S_{i}] > 0$ then
29:
$n e e d \leftarrow pending [B S_{i}]$
30:
$D \leftarrow {B S_{d} \in B S_{τ} ∖ {B S_{i}} ∣ R B_{d}^{avail} - R B_{d}^{alloc} \geq n e e d}$
31:
if $| D | > 0$ then
32:
$B S_{d}^{*} \leftarrow arg {min}_{B S_{d \in D}} dist (B S_{i}, B S_{d})$
33:
LEND( $B S_{d}^{*} \to B S_{i}, n e e d$ ) ▹ SDN controller issues the lending command
34:
$R B_{i}^{alloc} \leftarrow R B_{i}^{alloc} + n e e d$ ▹ state updated by SDN controller
35:
$R B_{d}^{avail} \leftarrow R B_{d}^{avail} - n e e d$ ▹ state updated by SDN controller
36:
$pending [B S_{i}] \leftarrow 0$ ▹ state updated by SDN controller
37:
end if
38:
end if
39:
end for
40:
end for