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. 2025 Dec 9;17(24):3273. doi: 10.3390/polym17243273
ABS Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
AM Additive manufacturing
CB Carbon black
CCVD Catalytic chemical vapor deposition
CNC Cationic cellulose nanocrystals
CNT Carbon nanotube
FEM Finite Element Method
FFF Fused Filament Fabrication
FGF Fused Granulate Fabrication
FT-IR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy
GNP Graphene nanoplatelet
GO Graphene oxide
Gr Graphite
HME Hot Melt Extrusion
MEX Material Extrusion
NIR Near-Infrared
PEEK Polyetheretherketone
PLA Poly(lactic acid)
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
SD Standard deviation
SEM Scanning electron microscopy
SSE Single screw extrusion
TGA Thermogravimetric analysis
US Ultrasonic
Symbols
A Projected contact area µm2
a Contact distance mm
d Indentation spacing µm
Er Reduced elastic modulus GPa
P Indentation force µN
H Hardness GPa
h Indentation depth nm
hf Remaining indentation depth nm
hmax Maximum indentation depth nm
I Current A
IFT-IR Intensity -
mc Mass change %
P Indentation load µN
Pmax Peak indentation load µN
R Resistance Ω
S Contact stiffness N mm−1
ß Geometric constant -
TE Extrusion temperature °C
Tr Actual temperature °C
U Voltage V
w Wavenumber cm−1
ρ Resistivity Ωcm