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. 2025 Dec 24;15:44482. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28060-z

Table 4.

Patient- and Ward-level predictors of 30-day readmission (Model 2: GLMM).

Predictor aOR 95% CI p-Value
Patient-level
  Age (per year) 1.01 0.98–1.04 0.441
  Sex (Female vs. Male) 0.87 0.57–1.33 0.520
  Charlson Index (per point) 1.27 1.13–1.42  < 0.001*
  Prev. Hosp. (per admission) 1.24 1.08–1.43 0.003*
  Length of Stay (per day) 1.05 1.01–1.09 0.028*
  Cognitive Impairment (Yes) 1.89 1.21–2.94 0.005*
  Functional Status (per point) 0.99 0.98–1.01 0.301
Ward-Level
  Discharge Protocol (Std. vs. Ad hoc) 0.55 0.32–0.94 0.029*
  Nurse-Patient Ratio (per 1.0 unit) 0.85 0.50–1.44 0.539
  Readmission Program (Yes vs. No) 1.25 0.70–2.24 0.449

aOR Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI Confidence interval. Model 2 is a GLMM with Ward ID as a random intercept.

*Indicates statistical significance at p < 0.05.