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. 2025 Dec 11;16:1719877. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2025.1719877

Table 2.

Comparison of test results with different parameter configurations.

Learning rate Epoch Batch size Optimizer Test loss Test accuracy
0.001 50 64 Adam 0.9687 96.33%
0.001 100 32 Adam 0.0685 97.36%
0.001 150 16 Adam 0.0744 97.79%
0.0001 50 16 Adam 0.0865 97.78%
0.0001 150 32 Adam 0.6556 97.82%
0.0001 100 64 Adam 0.0265 98.05%
0.0002 50 64 Adam 0.1243 98.01%
0.0002 100 32 Adam 0.0434 97.73%
0.0002 150 16 Adam 0.0792 97.56%
0.001 50 64 Adagrad 0.9699 95.34%
0.001 100 32 Adagrad 0.0768 96.27%
0.001 150 16 Adagrad 0.0868 96.52%
0.0001 50 16 Adagrad 0.0978 96.98%
0.0001 150 32 Adagrad 0.7686 96.92%
0.0001 100 64 Adagrad 0.0357 97.85%
0.0002 50 64 Adagrad 0.2126 97.02%
0.0002 100 32 Adagrad 0.0567 95.56%
0.0002 150 16 Adagrad 0.0876 96.88%

The bold values are used to highlight that they are optimal compared to other numerical combinations. They are also the final parameter settings used in the model we proposed.