Table 2.
Odds Ratios and Confidence Intervals for the Unique and Interactive Associations Between Online and Offline Racism, Protective Factors, and Substance Use
| Variable | Been drunk | Cannabis | Cigarettes | Vaped | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
|
|
||||||||
| Online Racism adjusted for Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.50 | (0.34, 0.74) | 0.60 | (0.41, 0.89) | 0.49 | (0.27 0.89) | 0.71 | (0.49, 1.04) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.53 | (0.64, 1.83) | 0.85 | (0.56, 1.30) | 0.56 | (0.30, 1.03) | 0.54 | (0.36, 0.81) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.08 | (0.84, 2.43) | 1.09 | (0.63, 1.90) | 1.48 | (0.68, 3.22) | 1.43 | (0.85, 2.35) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.43 | (1.44, 4.73) | 1.69 | (0.98, 2.92) | 1.58 | (0.71, 4.49) | 1.54 | (0.92, 2.58) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.61 | (1.12, 1.66) | 2.52 | (1.37, 4.63) | 1.63 | (0.83, 1.49) | 1.73 | (0.94, 3.19) |
| Online Racism | 1.36 | (1.12, 1.66) | 1.44 | (1.18, 1.76) | 1.11 | (0.83, 1.49) | 1.10 | (0.90, 1.33) |
|
| ||||||||
| Peer Racism adjusted for Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.47 | (0.32, 0.69) | 0.54 | (0.36, 0.80) | 0.45 | (0.25, 0.82) | 0.68 | (0.47, 0.99) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.63 | (0.42, 0.92) | 1.02 | (0.69, 1.51) | 0.54 | (0.30, 0.97) | 0.54 | (0.37, 0.79) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.17 | (0.69, 1.97) | 1.20 | (0.69, 2.08) | 1.46 | (0.67, 3.17) | 1.43 | (0.86, 2.36) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.55 | (0.92, 2.63) | 1.89 | (1.20, 3.25) | 1.58 | (0.72, 3.48) | 1.55 | (0.93, 2.60) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.85 | (1.58, 5.14) | 2.83 | (1.54, 5.18) | 1.57 | (0.61, 4.07) | 1.74 | (0.95, 3.22) |
| Peer Racial Discrimination | 1.33 | (1.07, 1.65) | 1.51 | (1.22, 1.86) | 1.50 | (1.15, 1.95) | 1.36 | (1.11, 1.68) |
|
| ||||||||
| School Racism adjusted for Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.46 | (0.31, 0.69) | 0.53 | (0.36, 0.79) | 0.41 | (0.22, 0.76) | 0.67 | (0.46, 0.97) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.62 | (0.42, 0.92) | 1.00 | (0.68, 1.49) | 0.49 | (0.27, 0.90) | 0.52 | (0.35, 0.77) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.17 | (0.69, 1.98) | 1.18 | (0.68, 2.06) | 1.45 | (0.66, 3.16) | 1.41 | (0.86, 2.34) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.51 | (0.89, 2.56) | 1.78 | (1.03, 3.07) | 1.44 | (0.64, 3.22) | 1.48 | (0.88, 2.49) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.81 | (1.56, 5.09) | 2.74 | (1.49, 5.02) | 1.54 | (0.59, 4.04) | 1.71 | (0.93, 3.16) |
| School Racial Discrimination | 1.38 | (1.07, 1.79) | 1.60 | (1.23, 2.06) | 1.88 | (1.40, 2.52) | 1.53 | (1.19, 1.97) |
|
| ||||||||
| Institutional Racism adjusted for Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.48 | (0.32, 0.70) | 0.56 | (0.38, 0.83) | 0.45 | (0.25, 0.82) | 0.69 | (0.48, 1.01) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.59 | (0.40, 0.89) | 0.95 | (0.64, 1.43) | 0.43 | (0.23, 0.81) | 0.50 | (0.33, 0.74) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.18 | (0.70, 2.00) | 1.22 | (0.70, 2.11) | 1.47 | (0.68, 3.20) | 1.44 | (0.87, 2.38) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.53 | (0.01, 2.59) | 1.83 | (1.07, 3.15) | 1.48 | (0.67, 3.29) | 1.52 | (0.91, 2.54) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.76 | (1.53, 4.99) | 2.70 | (1.47, 4.94) | 1.45 | (0.55, 3.80) | 1.68 | (0.91, 3.10) |
| Institutional Racial Discrimination | 1.31 | (1.04, 1.66) | 1.42 | (1.13, 1.78) | 1.72 | (1.30, 2.28) | 1.40 | (1.11, 1.76) |
|
| ||||||||
| Teacher Racism adjusted for Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.48 | (0.33, 0.71) | 0.56 | (0.38, 0.84) | 0.47 | (0.26, .085) | 0.69 | (0.48, 1.01) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.60 | (0.40, 0.89) | 0.97 | (0.65, 1.45) | 0.52 | (0.29, 0.93) | 0.51 | (0.35, .076) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.18 | (0.70, 2.00) | 1.22 | (0.70, 2.11) | 1.51 | (0.70, 3.28) | 1.44 | (0.88, 2.39) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.51 | (0.89, 2.56) | 1.82 | (1.05, 3.15) | 1.60 | (0.73, 3.52) | 1.56 | (0.93, 2.61) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.80 | (1.54, 5.08) | 2.76 | (1.50, 5.08) | 1.52 | (0.58, 3.97) | 1.71 | (0.92, 3.16) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.52 | (1.17, 1.97) | 1.73 | (1.32, 2.26) | 1.57 | (1.16, 2.12) | 1.50 | (1.16, 1.93) |
|
| ||||||||
| Unique Associations of Online and Offline Exposure to Racism adjusted for Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.50 | (0.34, 0.74) | 0.58 | (0.38, 0.86) | 0.40 | (0.21, 0.75) | 0.68 | (0.46, 0.99) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.51 | (0.33, 0.79) | 0.83 | (0.54, 1.28) | 0.46 | (0.24, 0.89) | 0.50 | (0.33, 0.76) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.09 | (0.64, 1.84) | 1.09 | (0.62, 1.91) | 1.43 | (0.65, 3.14) | 1.41 | (0.85, 2.35) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.40 | (0.82, 2.40) | 1.65 | (0.95, 2.89) | 1.42 | (0.63, 3.19) | 1.51 | (0.89, 2.54) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.61 | (1.43, 4.77) | 2.58 | (1.39, 4.80) | 1.53 | (0.58, 4.03) | 1.69 | (0.91, 3.15) |
| Online Racism | 1.31 | (1.06, 1.61) | 1.35 | (1.09, 1.66) | 0.95 | (0.69, 1.30) | 1.01 | (0.82, 1.24) |
| Peer Racial Discrimination | 1.04 | (0.75, 1.46) | 1.15 | (0.83, 1.60) | 1.04 | (0.64, 1.69) | 1.08 | (0.77, 1.50) |
| School Racial Discrimination | 0.98 | (0.62, 1.55) | 1.13 | (0.74, 1.74) | 1.78 | (1.05, 3.02) | 1.24 | (0.82, 1.88) |
| Institutional Racial Discrimination | 0.94 | (0.64, 1.38) | 0.87 | (0.59, 1.27) | 1.38 | (0.86, 2.20) | 1.05 | (0.73, 1.53) |
| Teacher Racial Discrimination | 1.45 | (0.93, 2.27) | 1.46 | (0.95, 2.24) | 0.76 | (0.42, 1.40) | 1.16 | (0.76, 1.78) |
|
| ||||||||
| Unique Association of Caring Adult Relationships adjusted for Racism and Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.53 | (0.36, 0.79) | 0.63 | (0.42, 0.95) | 0.44 | (0.23, 0.84) | 0.71 | (0.48, 1.04) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.49 | (0.32, 0.76) | 0.79 | (0.51, 1.23) | 0.42 | (0.22, 0.81) | 0.49 | (0.32, 0.75) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.12 | (0.65, 1.91) | 1.12 | (0.64, 1.97) | 1.50 | (0.68, 3.33) | 1.44 | (0.87, 2.39) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.40 | (0.82, 2.41) | 1.68 | (0.96, 2.96) | 1.34 | (0.59, 3.08) | 1.49 | (0.88, 2.52) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.59 | (1.41, 4.74) | 2.57 | (1.38, 4.82) | 1.40 | (0.52, 3.74) | 1.65 | (0.89, 3.08) |
| Online Racism | 1.31 | (1.06, 1.61) | 1.36 | (1.10, 1.67) | 0.92 | (0.67, 1.27) | 1.01 | (0.82, 1.24) |
| Peer Racial Discrimination | 1.01 | (0.72, 1.42) | 1.12 | (0.81, 1.56) | 0.98 | (0.60, 1.61) | 1.05 | (0.75, 1.47) |
| School Racial Discrimination | 0.93 | (0.58, 1.48) | 1.06 | (0.68, 1.64) | 1.68 | (0.97, 2.92) | 1.19 | (0.78, 1.83) |
| Institutional Racial Discrimination | 0.95 | (0.64, 1.40) | 0.87 | (0.60, 1.28) | 1.39 | (0.86, 2.26) | 1.07 | (0.74, 1.56) |
| Teacher Racial Discrimination | 1.47 | (0.94, 2.30) | 1.48 | (0.96, 2.28) | 0.75 | (0.41, 1.38) | 1.17 | (0.76, 1.80) |
| Caring Adult Relationships | 0.64 | (0.46, 0.89) | 0.55 | (0.39, 0.77) | 0.40 | (0.24, 0.66) | 0.75 | (0.54, 1.04) |
|
| ||||||||
| Unique Association of Neighborhood Social Cohesion adjusted for Racism and Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.51 | (0.34, 0.76) | 0.59 | (0.39, 0.88) | 0.41 | (0.21, 0.77) | 0.69 | (0.47, 1.01) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.49 | (0.31, 0.76) | 0.79 | (0.51, 1.23) | 0.41 | (0.21, 0.81) | 0.48 | (0.31, 0.73) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.09 | (0.64, 1.85) | 1.09 | (0.62, 1.91) | 1.40 | (0.64, 3.08) | 1.41 | (0.85, 2.33) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.40 | (0.82, 2.40) | 1.65 | (0.95, 2.89) | 1.38 | (0.61, 3.11) | 1.50 | (0.89, 2.53) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.55 | (1.39, 4.67) | 2.52 | (1.35, 4.69) | 1.39 | (0.52, 3.70) | 1.64 | (0.88, 3.06) |
| Online Racism | 1.30 | (1.06, 1.60) | 1.34 | (1.09, 1.66) | 0.93 | (0.68, 1.28) | 1.00 | (0.82, 1.23) |
| Peer Racial Discrimination | 1.04 | (0.74, 1.45) | 1.15 | (0.83, 1.59) | 1.03 | (0.63, 1.67) | 1.07 | (0.77, 1.49) |
| School Racial Discrimination | 0.99 | (0.62, 1.56) | 1.14 | (0.74, 1.75) | 1.81 | (1.07, 3.07) | 1.25 | (0.82, 1.89) |
| Institutional Racial Discrimination | 0.93 | (0.63, 1.37) | 0.86 | (0.59, 1.26) | 1.33 | (0.83, 2.15) | 1.04 | (0.72, 1.52) |
| Teacher Racial Discrimination | 1.44 | (0.93, 2.25) | 1.45 | (0.94, 2.22) | 0.77 | (0.43, 1.40) | 1.16 | (0.75, 1.77) |
| Neighborhood Social Cohesion | 0.87 | (0.68, 1.11) | 0.87 | (0.69, 1.12) | 0.73 | (0.51, 1.03) | 0.86 | (0.68, 1.09) |
|
| ||||||||
| Interaction Model - Online Racism by Caring Adult Relationships adjusted for Covariates | ||||||||
| Male adolescents | 0.53 | (0.36, 0.79) | 0.63 | (0.41, 0.94) | 0.44 | (0.23, 0.84) | 0.70 | (0.48, 1.03) |
| Non-Latiné Black adolescents | 0.50 | (0.32, 0.77) | 0.77 | (0.50, 1.20) | 0.37 | (0.19, 0.72) | 0.47 | (0.31, 0.72) |
| 10th grade adolescents | 1.12 | (0.66, 1.91) | 1.12 | (0.63, 1.97) | 1.53 | (0.69, 3.41) | 1.44 | (0.87, 2.40) |
| 11th grade adolescents | 1.40 | (0.82, 2.42) | 1.66 | (0.95, 2.93) | 1.32 | (0.57, 3.04) | 1.48 | (0.87, 2.50) |
| 12th grade adolescents | 2.59 | (1.41, 4.76) | 2.51 | (1.34, 4.71) | 1.30 | (0.48, 3.50) | 1.62 | (0.87, 3.03) |
| Peer Racial Discrimination | 1.01 | (0.72, 1.42) | 1.13 | (0.81, 1.57) | 0.98 | (0.60, 1.61) | 1.06 | (0.76, 1.48) |
| School Racial Discrimination | 0.93 | (0.58, 1.49) | 1.04 | (0.67, 1.61) | 1.61 | (0.94, 2.76) | 1.18 | (0.77, 1.81) |
| Institutional Racial Discrimination | 0.95 | (0.64, 1.40) | 0.88 | (0.60, 1.29) | 1.46 | (0.91, 2.34) | 1.09 | (0.75, 1.58) |
| Teacher Racial Discrimination | 1.47 | (0.94, 2.30) | 1.47 | (0.95, 2.26) | 0.77 | (0.42, 1.42) | 1.18 | (0.77, 1.81) |
| Online Racism x Caring Adult Relationships | 0.99 | (0.73, 1.34) | 1.18 | (0.85, 1.63) | 1.84 | (1.14, 2.98) | 1.19 | (0.88, 1.61) |
Note. OR = odds ratio; 95% CI = 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio. Bolded values indicate significant odds ratios based on the 95% CI not including 1.0.