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. 2025 Nov 23;15:45195. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-29411-6

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Enrichment analysis of the KEGG pathway for DEGs. (A) Classification of KEGG pathways for upregulated DEGs. (B) Classification of KEGG pathways for downregulated DEGs. (C) Bubble plot of KEGG enrichment analysis. KEGG pathway map courtesy of Kanehisa Laboratories. The bubble size represents the number of enriched genes, and the bubble color represents the significant magnitude of target gene enrichment. (D) Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) for the potential altered pathways in the LBP groups compared to the Control. GSEA analysis revealed significant activation of the glutathione metabolic pathway. (E) Analysis of protein-protein interaction networks among genes. (F) Heatmap of significantly enriched gene expression. Red represents high expression, and blue represents low expression.