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. 2025 Nov 23;15:45195. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-29411-6

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Metabolomics analysis of MCF-7 cells following LBP treatment. (A) Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) score plots of metabolomic data in the Control and LBP groups (n = 3 for each group). (B) Volcano plots depicting differential metabolites between the Control and LBP groups. Up-regulated metabolites are shown in red and down-regulated metabolites are shown in blue. Bar charts (C) and heatmaps (D) of differential metabolites between the Control and LBP groups(n = 3).Red represents high expression, and blue represents low expression. (E) Pathway analysis overview of Control and LBP groups metabolomics (the size of each bubble represents the number of hits or significant metabolites within a pathway. Larger bubbles indicate pathways with more impacted metabolites, highlighting their biological relevance. Bubble color represents the statistical significance of the metabolic pathways). (F) Bar charts of enriched pathways for the differential metabolites between the Control and LBP groups. Dates were presented as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05, ** p < 0.001.