Table 1.
Sociodemographic and social support characteristics of participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 16,276) | Male (n = 7,718) | Female (n = 8,558) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, Mean ± SD) | 69.6 ± 7.1 | 69.7 ± 7.2 | 69.4 ± 7.1 | 0.014 |
| Age groups (years) | 0.020 | |||
| 60–69 | 9,148 (61.5) | 4,245 (55.0) | 4,903 (57.3) | |
| 70–79 | 5,324 (28.9) | 2,580 (33.4) | 2,744 (32.1) | |
| 80–89 | 1,689 (9.0) | 832 (10.8) | 857 (10.0) | |
| ≥ 90 | 115 (0.5) | 61 (0.8) | 54 (0.6) | |
| Married status | < 0.001 | |||
| Unmarried | 136 (0.8) | 118 (1.5) | 18 (0.2) | |
| Married | 13,319 (81.8) | 6,930 (89.8) | 6,389 (74.7) | |
| Widowed | 2,755 (16.9) | 622 (8.1) | 2,133 (24.9) | |
| Divorced | 66(0.4) | 48 (0.6) | 18 (0.2) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | < 0.001 | |||
| Underweight (< 18.5) | 836 (5.1) | 379 (4.9) | 457 (5.3) | |
| Normal (18.5–23.9) | 8,429 (51.8) | 4,205 (54.5) | 4,224 (49.4) | |
| Overweight (24.0–27.9) | 5,416 (33.3) | 2,505 (32.5) | 2,911 (34.0) | |
| Obesity (≥ 28.0) | 1,595 (9.8) | 629 (8.1) | 966 (11.3) | |
| Abdominal obesitya | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 11,626 (71.4) | 4,513 (58.5) | 7,113 (83.1) | |
| No | 4,650 (28.6) | 3,205 (41.5) | 1,445 (16.9) | |
| Education level | < 0.001 | |||
| No formal education | 7,215 (44.3) | 1,997 (25.9) | 5,218 (61.0) | |
| Primary | 7,157 (44.0) | 4,281 (55.5) | 2,876 (33.6) | |
| Junior middle | 1,607 (9.9) | 1,217 (15.8) | 390 (4.6) | |
| Senior middle | 266 (1.6) | 199 (2.6) | 67 (0.8) | |
| ≥College | 31 (0.2) | 24 (0.3) | 7 (0.1) | |
| Annual household income (CNY) | ||||
| < 10,000 | 1,121 (6.9) | 505 (6.5) | 616 (7.2) | 0.010 |
| 10,001–20,000 | 2,198 (13.5) | 984 (12.7) | 1,214 (14.2) | |
| 20,001–50,000 | 4,549 (27.9) | 2,162 (28.0) | 2,387 (27.9) | |
| 50,001–100,000 | 3,866 (23.8) | 1,898 (24.6) | 1,968 (23.0) | |
| > 100,000 | 4,542 (27.9) | 2,169 (28.1) | 2,373 (27.7) | |
| Employment status | < 0.001 | |||
| Working | 3,692 (22.7) | 2,238 (29.0) | 1,454 (17.0) | |
| Retired | 6,098 (37.5) | 3,006 (38.9) | 3,092 (36.1) | |
| Never work | 6,486 (39.9) | 2,474 (32.1) | 4,012 (46.9) | |
| Retired age (years, Mean ± SD) | 58.6 ± 6.1 | 60.0 ± 5.4 | 57.3 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 |
| Household size | < 0.001 | |||
| 1 | 1,822 (11.2) | 669 (8.7) | 1,153 (13.5) | |
| 2–4 | 10,013 (61.5) | 4,904 (63.5) | 5,109 (59.7) | |
| 5–11 | 4,425 (27.2) | 2,136 (27.7) | 2,289 (26.7) | |
| ≥ 11 | 16 (0.1) | 9 (0.1) | 7 (0.1) | |
| Living with spouse | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 12,726 (78.2) | 6,583 (85.3) | 6,143 (71.8) | |
| No | 3,550 (21.8) | 1,135 (14.7) | 2,415 (28.2) | |
| Living with children | 0.003 | |||
| Yes | 6,988 (42.9) | 3,221 (41.7) | 3,767 (44.0) | |
| No | 9,288 (57.1) | 4,497 (58.3) | 4,791 (56.0) | |
| Living in nursing homes | 0.296 | |||
| Yes | 33 (0.2) | 19 (0.2) | 14 (0.2) | |
| No | 16,243 (99.8) | 7,699 (99.8) | 8,544 (99.8) | |
| Number of children | < 0.001 | |||
| 0 | 226 (1.4) | 184 (2.4) | 42 (0.5) | |
| 1–2 | 10,338 (63.5) | 5,247 (68.0) | 5,091 (59.5) | |
| 3–4 | 4,941 (30.4) | 2,022 (26.2) | 2,919 (34.1) | |
| ≥ 5 | 771 (4.7) | 265 (3.4) | 506 (5.9) | |
| Eating arrangement | < 0.001 | |||
| Eating alone | 1,911 (11.7) | 707 (9.2) | 1,204 (14.1) | |
| With 1 to 3 persons | 10,183 (62.6) | 5,000 (64.8) | 5,183 (60.6) | |
| With 4 to 10 persons | 4,163 (25.6) | 1,998 (25.9) | 2,165 (25.3) | |
| With more than 11 persons | 19 (0.1) | 13 (0.2) | 6 (0.1) | |
| Eating with spouse | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 12,655 (77.8) | 6,546 (84.8) | 6,109 (71.4) | |
| No | 3,621 (22.2) | 1,172 (15.2) | 2,449 (28.6) | |
| Eating with children | 0.002 | |||
| Yes | 6,877 (42.3) | 3,162 (41.0) | 3,715 (43.4) | |
| No | 9,399 (57.7) | 4,556 (59.0) | 4,843 (56.6) | |
| Eating in nursing homes | 0.362 | |||
| Yes | 30 (0.2) | 17 (0.2) | 13 (0.2) | |
| No | 16,246 (99.8) | 7,701 (99.8) | 8,545 (99.8) | |
| Number of relatives and friends in frequent contact | 0.007 | |||
| None | 964 (5.9) | 439 (5.7) | 525 (6.1) | |
| 1–3 persons | 7,032 (43.2) | 3,443 (44.6) | 3,589 (41.9) | |
| 4–10 persons | 5,871 (36.1) | 2,728 (35.3) | 3,143 (36.7) | |
| ≥ 10 persons | 2,409 (14.8) | 1,108 (14.4) | 1,301 (15.2) | |
| Participate group activities | 0.022 | |||
| Never | 10,556 (64.9) | 5,078 (65.8) | 5,478 (64.0) | |
| Occasionally | 4,549 (27.9) | 2,078 (26.9) | 2,471 (28.9) | |
| Often | 1,171 (7.2) | 562 (7.3) | 609 (7.1) |
aWaist-to-height ratio (WHR) greater than 0.90/0.85 (men/women) were considered as abdominal obesity.