Table 2.
Lifestyle and dietary intake characteristics of participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 16,276) | Male (n = 7,718) | Female (n = 8,558) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep quality | < 0.001 | |||
| Feel poor, ≥ 4 days per week | 721 (4.4) | 266 (3.4) | 455 (5.3) | |
| Feel poor, 1–4 days per week | 1,248 (7.7) | 448 (5.8) | 800 (9.3) | |
| Feel poor, 1–3 days per month | 4,069 (25.0) | 1,633 (21.2) | 2,436 (28.5) | |
| Feel good almost every day | 10,238 (62.9) | 5,371 (69.6) | 4,867 (56.9) | |
| Sleep duration | < 0.001 | |||
| < 6 h | 3,327 (20.5) | 1,274 (16.5) | 2,053 (24.0) | |
| 6–8 h | 12,169 (74.9) | 6,013 (77.9) | 6,156 (71.9) | |
| > 8 h | 744 (4.6) | 411 (5.3) | 333 (3.9) | |
| Unknown | 36 (0.2) | 20 (55.6) | 16 (0.2) | |
| Midday rest in last year | < 0.001 | |||
| None or occasionally | 9,278 (57.0) | 4,168 (54.0) | 5,110 (59.7) | |
| Have a midday rest in certain months | 2,753 (16.9) | 1,392 (18.0) | 1,361 (15.9) | |
| Have a midday rest every month | 4,245 (26.1) | 2,158 (28.0) | 2,087 (24.4) | |
| Smoking | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 12,184 (74.9) | 3,867 (50.1) | 8,317 (97.2) | |
| Smoking currently | 2,798 (17.2) | 2,600 (33.7) | 198 (2.3) | |
| Quit smoking | 1,294 (8.0) | 1,251 (16.2) | 43 (0.5) | |
| Smoking frequency (cigarettes/day) | < 0.001 | |||
| < 20 | 1,741 (43.7) | 1,596 (42.4) | 145 (63.9) | |
| ≥ 20 | 2,247 (56.3) | 2,165 (57.6) | 82 (36.1) | |
| Passive smoking in the last year | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2,123 (13.0) | 731 (9.5) | 1,392 (16.3) | |
| No | 14,153 (87.0) | 6,987 (90.5) | 7,166 (83.7) | |
| Drinking alcohol | < 0.001 | |||
| Never | 11,421 (70.2) | 3,881 (50.3) | 7,540 (88.1) | |
| Quit drinking | 695 (4.3) | 582 (7.5) | 113 (1.3) | |
| Drinking currently | 4,160 (25.6) | 3,255 (42.2) | 905 (10.6) | |
| Drinking tea in a year | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3,711 (22.8) | 2,739 (35.5) | 972 (11.4) | |
| No | 12,565 (77.2) | 4,979 (64.5) | 7,586 (88.6) | |
| Tea drinking frequency | < 0.001 | |||
| Not often | 305 (8.2) | 191 (7.0) | 114 (11.7) | |
| At a certain time | 120 (3.2) | 80 (2.9) | 40 (4.1) | |
| Less than once a week | 341 (9.2) | 212 (7.7) | 129 (13.3) | |
| Weekly | 2,945 (79.4) | 2,256 (82.4) | 689 (70.9) | |
| Physical exercise | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 2,906 (17.9) | 1,284 (16.6) | 1,622 (19.0) | |
| No | 13,370 (82.1) | 6,434 (83.4) | 6,936 (81.0) | |
| Form of exercise | < 0.001 | |||
| Walking/Tai Chi/Qigong | 2,465 (84.8) | 1,109 (86.4) | 1,356 (83.6) | |
| Brisk walking/Yanko | 208 (7.2) | 104 (8.1) | 104 (6.4) | |
| Long-distance running/aerobics | 62 (2.1) | 26 (2.0) | 36 (2.2) | |
| Square dancing | 137 (4.7) | 20 (1.6) | 117 (7.2) | |
| Others | 34 (1.2) | 25 (2.0) | 9 (0.6) | |
| Physical exercise frequency | 0.293 | |||
| 1–2 days/week | 225 (7.8) | 95 (7.4) | 130 (8.0) | |
| 3–4 days/week | 533 (18.3) | 234 (18.2) | 299 (18.4) | |
| 5–6 days/week | 751 (25.8) | 314 (24.5) | 437 (27.0) | |
| 7 days/week | 1,397 (48.1) | 641 (50.0) | 756 (46.6) | |
| Dietary intake (≥ 3 times/week, N, %) | ||||
| Rice, wheat flour and their products | 16,168 (99.3) | 7,673 (99.4) | 8,495 (99.3) | 0.247 |
| Fried food | 608 (3.7) | 351 (4.5) | 257 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Vegetables | 15,887 (97.6) | 7,520 (97.4) | 8,367 (97.8) | 0.166 |
| Fruits | 6,025 (37.0) | 2,651 (34.4) | 3,374 (39.4) | < 0.001 |
| Red meat | 5,882 (36.1) | 2,972 (38.5) | 2,910 (34.0) | < 0.001 |
| White meat | 2,154 (13.2) | 1,145 (14.8) | 1,009 (11.8) | < 0.001 |
| Fish and shrimp | 4,025 (24.7) | 1,985 (25.7) | 2,040 (23.8) | 0.005 |
| Eggs | 4,752 (29.2) | 2,402 (31.1) | 2,350 (27.5) | < 0.001 |
| Bean products | 3,234 (19.9) | 1,599 (20.7) | 1,635 (19.1) | 0.010 |
| Milk | 1,559 (9.6) | 698 (9.0) | 861 (10.1) | 0.028 |
| Pickles | 2,428 (14.9) | 1,125 (14.6) | 1,303 (15.2) | 0.246 |
| Nuts | 799 (4.9) | 469 (6.1) | 330 (3.9) | < 0.001 |
| Sweet drinks | 267 (1.6) | 165 (2.1) | 102 (1.2) | < 0.001 |
| Cakes | 1,332 (8.2) | 638 (8.3) | 694 (8.1) | 0.715 |
| Oil consumption | ||||
| Canola oil | 7,151 (43.9) | 3,437 (44.5) | 3,714 (43.4) | 0.146 |
| Animal oil | 3,160 (19.4) | 1,565 (20.3) | 1,595 (18.6) | 0.008 |
| Blended oil | 11,155 (68.5) | 5,223 (67.7) | 5,932 (69.3) | 0.024 |
| Peanut oil | 2,120 (13.0) | 1,034 (13.4) | 1,086 (12.7) | 0.181 |
| Soybean oil | 825 (5.1) | 396 (5.1) | 429 (5.0) | 0.732 |