Table 3.
Physical and mental health of participants.
| Variables | Total (n = 16,276) | Male (n = 7,718) | Female (n = 8,558) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Have chronic diseases | ||||
| 0 | 5,714 (35.1) | 2,894 (37.5) | 2,820 (33.0) | < 0.001 |
| 1 | 5,806 (35.7) | 2,818 (36.5) | 2,988 (34.9) | |
| ≥ 2 | 4,756 (29.2) | 2,006 (26.0) | 2,750 (32.1) | |
| Hypertension | 0.039 | |||
| Yes | 7,538 (46.3) | 3,509 (45.5) | 4,029 (47.1) | |
| No | 8,738 (53.7) | 4,209 (54.5) | 4,529 (52.9) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,185 (7.3) | 442 (5.7) | 743 (8.7) | |
| No | 15,091 (92.7) | 7,276 (94.3) | 7,815 (91.3) | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.156 | |||
| Yes | 644 (4.0) | 323 (4.2) | 321 (3.8) | |
| No | 1,5632 (96.0) | 7,395 (95.8) | 8,237 (96.2) | |
| Emphysema | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 73 (0.4) | 56 (0.7) | 17 (0.2) | |
| No | 16,203 (99.6) | 7,662 (99.3) | 8,541 (99.8) | |
| Tuberculosis | 0.101 | |||
| Yes | 95 (0.6) | 53 (0.7) | 42 (0.5) | |
| No | 16,181 (99.4) | 7,665 (99.3) | 8,516 (99.5) | |
| Asthma | 0.155 | |||
| Yes | 101 (0.6) | 55 (0.7) | 46 (0.5) | |
| No | 16,175 (99.4) | 7,663 (99.3) | 8,512 (99.5) | |
| Chronic bronchitis | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 438 (2.7) | 265 (3.4) | 173 (2.0) | |
| No | 15,838 (97.3) | 7,453 (96.6) | 8,385 (98.0) | |
| Gallstones | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 859 (5.3) | 281 (3.6) | 578 (6.8) | |
| No | 15,417 (94.7) | 7,437 (96.4) | 7,980 (93.2) | |
| Nephritis | 0.430 | |||
| Yes | 61 (0.4) | 32 (0.4) | 29 (0.3) | |
| No | 16,215 (99.6) | 7,686 (99.6) | 8,529 (99.7) | |
| Tumor | 0.668 | |||
| Yes | 371 (2.3) | 180 (2.3) | 191 (2.2) | |
| No | 15,905 (97.7) | 7,538 (97.7) | 8,367 (97.8) | |
| Parkinson’s disease | 0.220 | |||
| Yes | 48 (0.3) | 27 (0.3) | 21 (0.2) | |
| No | 16,228 (99.7) | 7,691 (99.7) | 8,537 (99.8) | |
| Cataract | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,328 (8.2) | 488 (6.3) | 840 (9.8) | |
| No | 14,948 (91.8) | 7,230 (93.7) | 7,718 (90.2) | |
| Glaucoma | 0.209 | |||
| Yes | 54 (0.3) | 21 (0.3) | 33 (0.4) | |
| No | 16,222 (99.7) | 7,697 (99.7) | 8,525 (99.6) | |
| Gastric disease | < 0.001 | |||
| Undiagnoseda | 1,127 (6.9) | 461 (6.0) | 666 (7.8) | |
| Diagnosedb | 1,149 (7.1) | 492 (6.4) | 657 (7.7) | |
| No | 14,000 (86.0) | 6,765 (87.7) | 7,235 (84.5) | |
| Diabetes | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 1,804 (11.1) | 728 (9.4) | 1,076 (12.6) | |
| No | 14,472 (88.9) | 6,990 (90.6) | 7,482 (87.4) | |
| Hepatitis | 0.017 | |||
| Yes | 141 (0.9) | 81 (1.0) | 60 (0.7) | |
| No | 16,135 (99.1) | 7,637 (99.0) | 8,498 (99.3) | |
| Arthritis | 0.004 | |||
| Yes | 794 (4.9) | 337 (4.4) | 457 (5.3) | |
| No | 15,482 (95.1) | 7,381 (95.6) | 8,101 (94.7) | |
| Thyroid disease | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 402 (2.5) | 98 (1.3) | 304 (3.6) | |
| No | 15,874 (97.5) | 7,620 (98.7) | 8,254 (96.4) | |
| Depressive symptom | 0.033 | |||
| None | 14,953 (91.9) | 7,137 (92.5) | 7,816 (91.3) | |
| Mild | 938 (5.8) | 417 (5.4) | 521 (6.1) | |
| Moderate | 245 (1.5) | 100 (1.3) | 145 (1.7) | |
| Moderate-severe | 53 (0.3) | 20 (0.3) | 33 (0.4) | |
| Severe | 87 (0.5) | 44 (0.6) | 43 (0.5) | |
| ADL (Barthel index) | 0.045 | |||
| Independence (100) | 15,806 (97.1) | 7,525 (97.5) | 8,281 (96.8) | |
| Slight dependence (91–99) | 212 (1.3) | 88 (1.1) | 124 (1.4) | |
|
Moderate Dependence (61–90) |
200 (1.2) | 80 (1.0) | 120 (1.4) | |
| Indicating severe dependence (0–60) | 58 (0.4) | 25 (0.3) | 33 (0.4) | |
| Cognitive impairment | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 3,222 (19.8) | 1,383 (17.9) | 1,839 (21.5) | |
| No | 13,054 (80.2) | 6,335 (82.1) | 6,719 (78.5) | |
| Multimorbidityc | < 0.001 | |||
| Yes | 6,335 (38.9) | 2,720 (35.2) | 3,615 (42.2) | |
| No | 9,941 (61.1) | 4,998 (64.8) | 4,943 (57.8) |
a “Undiagnosed” indicates that the participant reported symptoms suggestive of gastrointestinal issues in the absence of a formal diagnosis through clinical evaluation at a hospital.
b “Diagnosed” indicates that the gastric disease of the participants had been diagnosed at a hospital.
cMultimorbidity, defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic conditions encompassing both physical and mental health disorders.