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. 2025 Nov 23;15:45167. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28614-1

Table 2.

Associations of air pollution with cognitive function.

Variables Model 1 (Crude) Model 2 (Adjusted)
β coefficient (95% CI) β coefficient (95% CI)
PM1 (IQR = 10. 60 μg/m3) 0. 32 (0. 23, 0. 41)*** 0. 37 (0. 25, 0. 50)***
PM2.5 (IQR = 21. 11 μg/m3) 0. 33 (0. 23, 0. 43)*** 0. 34 (0. 19, 0. 48)***
PM10 (IQR = 47. 28 μg/m3) 0. 37 (0. 26, 0. 48)*** 0. 45 (0. 27, 0. 64)***
NO2 (IQR = 14. 77 μg/m3) 0. 38 (0. 27, 0. 49)*** 0. 21 (0. 03, 0. 39)*
SO2 (IQR = 8. 66 μg/m3) 0. 18 (0. 11, 0. 26)*** 0. 18 (0. 06, 0. 30)**
O3 (IQR = 19. 35 μg/m3) 0. 54 (0. 41, 0. 66)*** 0. 17 (− 0. 03, 0. 37)

IQR: interquartile range; PM1: particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1 µm; PM2.5: particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm; PM10: particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm; NO2: nitrogen dioxide; SO2: sulfur dioxide; O3: ozone.

***p < 0. 001,

**p < 0. 01,

*p < 0. 05. 95% confidence interval in parentheses based on robust standard error. Model 1: Crude model; Model 2: Multivariate model adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, living area, marital status, education level, regional category, family residence) , lifestyle habits and health (smoking status, drink status, cooking fuel use, number of chronic diseases), and meteorological conditions (average temperature, relative humidity).