Table 2.
The clinical manifestation and possible mechanism of documented cases with hypercalcemia induced by GISTs.
| Author/country/year | Sex/age | Clinical features | Primary site | Metastatic sites | Bone metastasis | Ca | iPTH | 1,25-(OH)2D | PTHrP |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Moundhri/Oman/2006 (7) | M/45 | Abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss, vomiting | Pelvic mass | Peritoneum, liver | N/A | 3.02 mmol/L | — | — | — |
| Beckers/Netherlands/2007 (8) | F/48 | Abdominal pain, weight loss, anorexia, night sweats | Abdominal mass, exact site uncertain | Peritoneum, liver, omentum | N/A | 3.28 mmol/L (2.10-2.55) | <1.0 pmol/L (<6.8) | — | 66 pmol/L (<2.5) |
| George/Malaysia/2008 (9) | F/65 | Confusion | Probably small bowel | Liver, abdominal wall | N/A | 4.1 mmol/L (2.10-2.60) | — | — | — |
| Jasti/USA/2013 (10) | F/52 | Confusion, hallucinations, weight loss, abdominal pain | Pelvic mass | Peritoneum, liver, lung | Negative | 14.3 mg/dL (8.5-10.5) | 1 pg/mL (10-65) | $83 pg/mL (18-78) | <2.4 pmol/L (0-4) |
| Hygum/Denmark/2015 (11) | F/70 | Weight loss, fatigue, palpable abdominal mass | Duodenum | Liver | Negative | (iCa) 2.11 mmol/L (1.18-1.32) | 1.5 pmol/L (1.6-6.9) | 375 pmol/L (60-180) | <1.9 pmol/L (<2.6) |
| Urasaki/Japan/2016 (12) | M/73 | Not recorded | Small bowel | Peritoneum, possible gastric metastasis | N/A | hyper- | — | — | 38.9 pmol/L (<1.1) |
| Barbaryan/USA/2017 (13) | F/77 | Weakness, confusion | Abdominal mass, exact site uncertain | Peritoneum, liver | Negative | 15 mg/dL (8.5-10.6) | 7.9 pg/mL (10-65) | 129 pg/mL (19.9-79.3) | normal |
| Hart/UK/2018 (14) | M/50 | Generalized abdominal pain, anorexia, weight loss | Abdominal mass, exact site uncertain | No metastasis | Negative | 3.67 mmol/L | 1.1 pmol/L | — | — |
| Herrera-Martinez/Spain/2022 (15) | F/66 | Abdominal pain, weight loss, anorexia | Abdominal mass, exact site uncertain | No metastasis | Negative | 15.4 mg/dL | 12.8 pg/mL (14-72) | 119 pg/mL (18-71) | <1.1 pmol/L |
$laboratory data obtained one month after initiation of imatinib.
Data in parentheses are reference values provided in original papers.
1,25-(OH)2D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; N/A, not available; PTHrP, parathyroid hormone-related protein.