Table 3.
Smartphone-based portable catchers to sense the target of interests
| Targets of detection (TOI) | Smartphone and built-in camera | Image qualities | Ref |
| Outlet and specs | |||
| Cost | |||
| Blood cells (malaria, sickle-cell anemia), tuberculosis | Nokia N73 (CMOS 2048 × 1536) | Amplification: 28 X | 23 |
| LED (455 nm) | Resolution: 1.2 μm | ||
| Field-of-view (FOV): 180 μm2 | |||
| Computed image analyzed | |||
| Blood cell tests | iPhone 2G, 4G; Ball lens | Amplification: 350 X | 24 |
| Resolution: 1.5 μm | |||
| FOV: 150 μm2 | |||
| Computed algorithm analyzed | |||
| Malaria parasite detection | iPhone 4S; Ball lens | Amplification: 4.5 X | 25 |
| Cost: USD $ 70.13 | Resolution: 1 μm | ||
| Mechatronics design | FOV: 150 μm2 | ||
| Virus detection | Nokia PureView 808 (CMOS 7728 × 5386) | Amplification: external 2 X | 26 |
| Laser Diode (450 nm); Weight: 186 g | Resolution: 2 μm | ||
| FOV: 0.36 mm2 | |||
| Computed algorithm analyzed | |||
| Various types of cells | iPhone 4S | Amplification: 14.4 X | 27 |
| Cost: USD $ 6 | Resolution: 5 μm | ||
| FOV: 15.7 mm2 | |||
| IL-6, FBS and plant virus immune analysis | iPhone 5 (CMOS 3264 × 2448) | Resolution: 252 nm/pixel | 28 |
| Size: 142 × 160 × 41 mm | FOV: 33 mm2/ 85.5 x 127.8 mm2 | 29 | |
| Cost: USD $ 50; 150 | Cell phone app. image analyzed | ||
| Limit of detection (LOD): 10.6 pg/mL | |||
| 8 × 8 Microprism array (96 well plate) | |||
| Cell counting (A549, HeyA8, etc.) | Samsung Galaxy S6 (Sony IMX240) | Resolution: 10 μm | 30 |
| Size: 165 × 75 × 50 mm; Weight: 214 g | FOV: 700 μm2 | ||
| 3 LEDs; Cost: USD $ 105.87 | |||
| Magnetic separation design | |||
| Cell counting (white blood cells and others) | Sony-Ericsson U10i Aino (CMOS) | Resolution: 20 μm | 31 |
| LED (470, 580 nm) | FOV: 81 mm2 | ||
| Size: 35 × 55 × 24 mm; Weight: 28 g | Computed image analyzed | ||
| Cost: USD $ 14.5 | |||
| Cell counting (white blood cells) | Sony-Ericsson U10i Aino (CMOS) | Amplification: 7.8 X | 32 |
| Size: 35 × 55 × 27.9 mm; Weight: 18 g | Resolution: 2 μm | ||
| Cost: USD $ 3.9; Microfluidic design | Computed algorithm analyzed | ||
| Hg | Samsung Galaxy S II (CMOS) | Amplification: 7 X | 33 |
| LED (523 nm, 625 nm); Weight: 37 g | Cell phone app. image analyzed | ||
| LOD: 17.3 nM (3.5 ppb) (Cuvette) | |||
| Hg | Z17 mini (CMOS) | Resolution: 2.2 μm | 34 |
| Laser Diode (405 nm) | FOV: 1.5 mm2 | ||
| Size: 170 × 113 × 168 mm | Cell phone app. image analyzed | ||
| LOD: 1 nM | |||
| Pb | Asus ZenFone 3 (CMOS 4608 × 3456) | Amplification: 50 X | 35 |
| Laser diode (405 nm); Weight: 1800 g | Resolution: 10 μm | ||
| Size: 190 × 140 × 105 mm (Chamber) | FOV: 700 μm2 | ||
| Cost: USD $ 544; LOD: 24 nM (4.7 ppb) | Computed image analyzed |
CMOS = complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor; FBS = fetal bovine serum; IL-6 = interleukin 6.