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Rumen fermentation parameters and microbial community alterations induced by PFS supplementation. A Rumen pH, ammonia-N (NH3-N), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and proportions. B Differentially abundant rumen bacteria identified by Wilcoxon rank-sum test. C LEfSe analysis highlighting differential rumen bacteria. D Differential rumen bacterial genera (ANCOM-BC, P < 0.05). E Spearman correlation analysis linking rumen butyrate proportion with bacterial taxa. **P < 0.01
