Table 1.

Proinflammatory markers investigated in the temporal and spatial progression of early AD pathogenesis. Immune cell molecules/inflammatory markers were assessed from RNA isolated from entorhinal cortex and hippocampus tissue of 2, 3, and 6 month-old 3xTg-AD and non-transgenic mice by qRT-PCR using Applied Biosystems Microfluidic Cards.

Immune Marker	Major Functions
C3	complement protein, binds to pathogenic structures
CCL2 (MCP-1)	chemokine, promotes extravasation, activates macrophages, promotes Th2 immunity
CCL3	chemokine, promotes extravasation, antiviral defense, promotes Th1 immunity
Fractalkine	chemokine, involved in brain inflammation, endothelial adhesion
IP10	chemokine, antiangiogenic, promotes Th1 immmunity
TNF-α	cytokine, proinflammatory, attracts innate immune cells, activates macrophages
TGF-β	cytokine, inhibits cell growth
IL-2	cytokine, T cell growth factor
IL-6	cytokine, B and T cell growth and differentiation
IL-8	cytokine, secreted by macrophage(predominately in response to bacterial infection), recruits innate and adaptive immune cells
IL-1α	cytokine, macrophage and T cell activation
IL-1β	cytokine, macrophage and T cell activation
IL-12a	cytokine, activates NK cells, induces CD4 differentiation to Th1 cell
ICAM 1	intercellular adhesion molecule present on endothelial cells, binds LFA-1 and Mac-1 (Cd11b)
VCAM 1	adhesion molecule present on endothelial cells, binds VLA-4 integrin
CD4	cell surface marker for TH1 and TH2 T cells, coreceptor for MHC II
CD8	cell surface marker on cytotoxic T cells, coreceoptor for MHC I
CD80	cell surface marker, T cell/antigen presenting cell costimulation
CD86	cell surface marker, T cell/antigen presenting cell costimulation
Ptgs1	Cyclooxygenase type 1 (Cox-1)
Ptgs2	Cyclooxygenase type 2 (Cox-2)
Caspase 3	late-stage molecule involved in apoptosis