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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 6.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2025 Sep 11;18(6):1726–1740. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2025.09.004

Fig. 1. Voltage imaging analysis of TUS evoked responses in individual cortical neurons in awake mice.

Fig. 1.

(a) Experimental setup: awake mice expressing SomArchon in the cortical neurons were imaged using a custom, high-speed, confocal microscope, equipped with a 637 nm laser, a digital micromirror device (DMD) for patterned excitation, a high-speed sCMOS camera, and a 16 × objective. A 6 mm planar transducer delivered TUS from under the chin via ultrasound gel. (b) TUS protocol: 350 kHz ultrasound, 1 s duration, 20 % duty cycle, delivered at 10 or 40 Hz PRF. (c) Example field of view with SomArchon-GFP neurons; Vm and spikes from circled neuron shown in (d) (scale bar: 50 μm). (d) Vm traces of example neurons (circled in (d)) during three trials of 10 Hz TUS. Red ticks: spikes; black traces: Vm; gray ticks: pulse onsets; shaded gray: 1 s TUS. (e) Free-field acoustic pressure map in water (left, peak: 401 kPa) and simulated in situ acoustic pressure map in mouse brain using k-Wave (right, peak: 209 kPa), with glass imaging window shown in blue.