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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Jan 6.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2025 Sep 11;18(6):1726–1740. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2025.09.004

Fig. 3. TUS-evoked transient and delayed Vm and spiking changes across individual neurons at 10 and 40 Hz PRFs.

Fig. 3.

(a–b) Heatmaps of z-scored Vm (left) and spike rate (right) aligned to TUS onset at 10 Hz (a, N = 105) and 40 Hz (b, N = 55). Neurons are grouped by response type (1: transient activation, 2: transient suppression, 3: delayed activation, 4: no modulation); spike rate heatmaps are sorted the same as Vm but independently classified. (c–e) Mean z-scored Vm for neurons with (c) transient activation, (d) transient suppression, or (e) delayed activation (10 Hz, red: N = 31, 9, 6; 40 Hz, blue: N = 16, 5, 2). (f) Violin plots of normalized Vm during the corresponding periods for different populations of Vm-modulated neurons. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001 Wilcoxon signed-rank test (see Suppl. Table 3). (g–h) Mean z-scored spike rate for neurons with (g) transient or (h) delayed activation (10 Hz, red: N = 7, 9; 40 Hz, blue: N = 8, 9). (i) Violin plots of normalized spike rate during the corresponding periods for different populations of spike-modulated neurons. *, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.01, ***, p < 0.001 Wilcoxon signed-rank test (see Suppl. Table 3).