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. 2026 Jan 5;15:43360. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28865-y

Table 2.

Associations of clinical characteristics with depression and anxiety (binary Yes/No).

Variables Total Depression Anxiety
No Yes No Yes
Total 122 55(45.1%) 67(54.9%) 67(54.9%) 55(45.1%)
Since when were you diagnosed with type 1 diabetes? 1–5 years 19 11(57.9%) 8(42.1%) 11(57.9%) 8(42.1%)
6–10 years 17 5(29.4%) 12(70.6%) 9(52.9%) 8(47.1%)
> 10 years 86 39(45.3%) 47(54.7%) 47(54.7%) 39(45.3%)
p-value 0.260 0.961
Type of treatment used for type 1 diabetes? Multiple daily injections 83 36(43.4%) 47(56.6%) 41(49.4%) 42(50.6%)
Insulin pump 38 18(47.4%) 20(52.6%) 25(65.8%) 13(34.2%)
Others 1 1(100.0%) 0(0.0%) 1(100.0%) 0(0.0%)
p-value 0.553 0.140
Monitoring of blood sugar levels method Continuous glucose monitoring system/sensor 93 39(41.9%) 54(58.1%) 50(53.8%) 43(46.2%)
Glucometer 29 16(55.2%) 13(44.8%) 17(58.6%) 12(41.4%)
p-value 0.285 0.675
Number of diabetic ketoacidosis admissions 0 52 24(46.2%) 28(53.8%) 29(55.8%) 23(44.2%)
1 32 13(40.6%) 19(59.4%) 18(56.3%) 14(43.8%)
> 1 38 18(47.4%) 20(52.6%) 20(52.6%) 18(47.4%)
p-value 0.847 0.946
Do you have any complications related to diabetes? None 104 48(46.2%) 56(53.8%) 59(56.7%) 45(43.3%)
One complication 13 4(30.8%) 9(69.2%) 4(30.8%) 9(69.2%)
More than one complication 5 3(60.0%) 2(40.0%) 4(80.0%) 1(20.0%)
p-value 0.442 0.119
Do you have other comorbidities beside diabetes? No comorbidity 66 31(47.0%) 35(53.0%) 37(56.1%) 29(43.9%)
One comorbidity 36 14(38.9%) 22(61.1%) 20(55.6%) 16(44.4%)
More than one comorbidity 20 10(50.0%) 10(50.0%) 10(50.0%) 10(50.0%)
p-value 0.702 0.938
Smoking status Non-smoker 93 44(47.3%) 49(52.7%) 52(55.9%) 41(44.1%)
Smoker 15 5(33.3%) 10(66.7%) 6(40.0%) 9(60.0%)
Ex-smoker 14 6(42.9%) 8(57.1%) 9(64.3%) 5(35.7%)
p-value 0.553 0.391