. 2026 Jan 5;15:43360. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28865-y

Table 5.

Logistic regression model for depression (binary outcome).

Variables in the equation		B	S.E.	Exp(B)	95% C.I.for EXP(B)		p-value
Dependent variable: depression		B	S.E.	Exp(B)	Lower	Upper	p-value
First step^a	Gender(male)	−0.236	0.505	0.790	0.294	2.126	0.641
	Age						0.840
	<=25 years	0.160	0.748	1.173	0.271	5.085	0.831
	26–35 years	−0.140	0.738	0.870	0.205	3.692	0.850
	Level of education						0.287
	Intermediate school and below	0.577	0.937	1.780	0.284	11.173	0.538
	High school/diploma	2.438	1.367	11.455	0.786	166.908	0.074
	Bachelor	0.999	0.813	2.716	0.552	13.357	0.219
	Do you have other comorbidities beside diabetes?						0.443
	No comorbidity	−0.593	0.776	0.552	0.121	2.530	0.445
	One comorbidity	0.095	0.779	1.100	0.239	5.067	0.903
	HDL	1.469	0.766	4.346	0.968	19.519	0.055
	HbA1c						0.475
	7 or below	−0.395	0.638	0.674	0.193	2.351	0.535
	Between 7 and 9	−0.718	0.602	0.488	0.150	1.589	0.234
	Diabetes self care assessment	−0.352	0.224	0.703	0.453	1.091	0.116
	Constant	−0.459	1.765	0.632			0.795
Last step^a	HDL	1.886	0.660	6.595	1.811	24.021	0.004^b
	Diabetes self care assessment	−0.363	0.201	0.696	0.469	1.031	0.071
	Constant	−0.970	1.138	0.379			0.394

^a-Variable(s) entered on step 1: Gender, Age, Level of education, Do you have other comorbidities beside diabetes?, HDL, HbA1c, Diabetes Self care assessment

^b-Significant using Binary Logistic Regression Model, with Backward Conditional Elimination with Enter Criteria = 0.05, Elimination = 0.10