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. 2025 Dec 11;11(4):1035–1043. doi: 10.21037/jss-25-11

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Various techniques to achieve haemostasis. (A) A solution of 3 L of warmed irrigation fluid with 1,000 mg tranexamic acid and 1 mg adrenaline. (B) Flushing with increased irrigation pressure. (C) Bipolar cautery for bone bleeding (arrow). (D) Compression with Kerrison rongeur for bone bleeding. (E) Small amount of Tachosil for bone bleeding. (F) Floseal applied to the surgical site through the working channel. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for the use of these images in the publication.