Table 1. Summary of included studies.
| Study | Country | Study design | Sample size, n | Surgical technique | Haemostatic strategies used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang et al., 2025 (7) | China | Prospective cohort study | 29 | Biportal endoscopic surgery | Water pressure modulation |
| Koga, 2023 (8) | Japan | Technical note | – | Full-endoscopic spine surgery | Absorbable gauze (SURGICEL), bipolar/monopolar cautery, Kerrison rongeur |
| Amato, 2023 (9) | Italy | Technical note | – | Full-endoscopic spine surgery | Turbo bipolar cautery, diamond burr, bone wax |
| Upfill-Brown et al., 2024 (10) | USA | Prospective cohort study | 84 | Biportal endoscopic decompression | IV tranexamic acid |
| Ko et al., 2024 (11) | Korea | Retrospective case-control study | 204 | Biportal endoscopic spinal surgery | Thrombin-containing local haemostatic |
| Takami et al., 2021 (12) | Japan | Randomized controlled trial | 41 | Microendoscopic lumbar laminectomy | Topical gelatin-thrombin matrix sealant |
| Kim et al., 2020 (13) | Korea | Retrospective cohort study | 206 | Biportal endoscopic decompression | Gelatin-thrombin matrix sealant (Floseal) |
| Zhang et al., 2024 (14) | China | Retrospective cohort study | 89 | Percutaneous endoscopic interlaminar discectomy | Topical saline irrigation with tranexamic acid |
| Inoue et al., 2023 (15) | Japan | Case series | 121 | Full-endoscopic lumbar laminotomy | Bone wax via novel applicator, diamond drill burr |
IV, intravenous.