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. 2026 Jan 1;16(6):2952–2983. doi: 10.7150/thno.124189

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Preparation and characterization of MCT-NEs. (A) Schematic representation of ATV/DTX-loaded MCT-NEs functionalized with DCK/Biotinyl PE. (B) Transmission electron micrograph of the MCT-NE#9 formulation (scale bar: 100 nm). (C) In vitro effective permeability (Pe) of ATV, DTX, and MCT-NE variants measured using an artificial intestinal membrane (mean ± SD, n = 7). (D) Apparent permeability (Papp) of ATV, DTX, and MCT-NEs across Caco-2/HT-29 MTX-E12 cocultures (mean ± SD, n = 3). (E) Confocal images showing cellular uptake of coumarin 6-labeled ATV/DTX delivered in water, 0.5% DMSO, or MCT-NEs (scale bar: 20 μm). Quantified intracellular levels of (F) ATV and (G) DTX after exposure to ATV/DTX in water, 0.5% DMSO, or MCT-NEs (mean ± SD, n = 3). * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001.