TABLE 1.

Agonists reported to activate TLRs

Agonist	TLRs	Necessity in vivob	Activity in vitro	References
Bacterial products
LPS
E. coli, Salmonella spp. (all gram-negative bacteria tested so far except one)	TLR4/MD2	+	Activates	91, 93, 99, 101, 105
	TLR4 plus RP105/MD1 (B cells)	+	Activates	81
L. interrogans	TLR2		Activates	115
Lipoproteins, lipopeptides	TLR2		Activates
Borrelia burgdorferi				37
Treponema pallidum				59
Mycobacterium fermentans				80, 106
Mycobacterium tuberculosis				12
Lipopeptides
Synthetic Pam3CSK4	TLR2		Activates	6
MALP2	TLR2 plus TLR6		Activates	107
PGN	TLR2	+	Activates	68, 100, 105, 123
	TLR6		Facilitates	87
AraLAMa	TLR2		Activates	64
PSM				32
	TLR2		Activates
	TLR6		Facilitates
	TLR1		Inhibits
Lipoteichoic acids	TLR2 (human)		Activates	86, 100
	TLR4 (mouse)	+		105
CpG DNA	TLR9	+	Activates	36
Flagellin	TLR5	+	Activates	34
Bacteria and extracts
E. coli, Salmonellae	TLR4	+	Activates	40
S. aureus, Clostridium diphteriae, Neisserria coeliaca	TLR2	+	Activates	59, 105
N. meningitidis	TLR2		Activates	120
	TLR1		Facilitates
Micrococcus luteus	TLR2		Activates	114
Listeria monocytogenes	TLR2	+	Activates	28
Mycobacteriae
M. avium	TLR2		Activates	59, 63
M. tuberculosis	TLR2 and TLR4		Activates	12, 64, 111
M. bovis	TLR2		Activates	64
Treponema				98
T. maltophilum	TLR2		Activates
T. brennaborense	TLR2 and TLR4		Activates
Nonbacterial products
Yeast	TLR2		Activates	110
Respiratory syncytial virus	TLR4	+	Activates	53
Hsp60	TLR4		Activates	84
Extracellular domain A	TLR4		Activates	85
Oxidative stress	TLR2		Activates	29
Taxol	TLR4/MD2		Activates	48

^aAraLAM, arabinolipoarabinomannan.

^bPlus signs indicate that the TLR is necessary in vivo.