Table 1.
General characteristics, lifestyle factors and cardiometabolic risk factors according to individual lifestyle scores (unhealthy, 0–1 factors; moderate, 2–3 factors; and healthy, 4–5 factors) based on the 6 lifestyle factors at baseline.
| General characteristics | All (n = 1697) | Unhealthy (n = 544) | Moderate (n = 716) | Healthy (n = 437) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (yr), (mean ± SE) | |||||
| 30–44 (n, %) | 894 (52.7) | 285 (52.4) | 402 (56.1) | 207 (47.4) | .015 |
| 45–55 | 803 (47.3) | 259 (47.6) | 314 (43.9) | 230 (52.6) | |
| Gender (%) | |||||
| Men | 469 (27.6) | 233 (42.8) | 160 (22.4) | 76 (17.4) | <.0001 |
| Women | 1228 (72.4) | 311 (57.2) | 556 (77.6) | 361 (82.6) | |
| Education level | |||||
| High school lower levels | 597 (35.2) | 189 (34.7) | 260 (36.3) | 148 (33.9) | .677 |
| College and higher levels | 1100 (64.8) | 355 (65.3) | 456 (63.7) | 289 (66.1) | |
| Household income* | |||||
| Low | 302 (17.8) | 105 (19.3) | 142 (19.8) | 55 (12.6) | .026 |
| Middle | 1225 (72.2) | 387 (71.1) | 504 (70.4) | 334 (76.4) | |
| High | 170 (10.0) | 52 (9.6) | 70 (9.8) | 48 (11.0) | |
| Lifestyle factors | |||||
| Smoking status† (%) | |||||
| Nonsmoker | 1511 (89.0) | 458 (84.2) | 634 (88.5) | 419 (95.9) | <.0001 |
| Smoker | 186 (11.0) | 86 (15.8) | 82 (11.5) | 18 (4.1) | |
| Alcohol consumption‡ (%) | |||||
| Non-heavy | 1048 (61.8) | 298 (54.8) | 428 (59.8) | 322 (73.7) | <.0001 |
| Heavy | 649 (38.2) | 246 (45.2) | 288 (40.2) | 115 (26.3) | |
| Physical activity§ (%) | |||||
| Insufficient | 523 (30.8) | 167 (30.7) | 219 (30.6) | 137 (31.3) | .434 |
| Sufficient | 1174 (69.2) | 377 (69.3) | 497 (69.4) | 300 (68.7) | |
| PSQI‖ | |||||
| Poor | 550 (32.4) | 178 (32.7) | 371 (51.8) | 1 (0.2) | <.0001 |
| Good | 1147 (67.6) | 366 (67.3) | 345 (48.2) | 436 (99.8) | |
| KHEI¶ | |||||
| Poor | 824 (48.6) | 287 (52.8) | 537 (75.0) | 0 (0.0) | <.0001 |
| Good | 872 (51.4) | 256 (47.2) | 179 (25.0) | 437 (100.0) | |
| Weight status (body mass index, kg/m2) | |||||
| Non-obese | 1160 (68.4) | 7 (1.3) | 716 (100.0) | 437 (100.0) | <.0001 |
| Obese | 537 (31.6) | 537 (98.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Cardiometabolic risk factors# | |||||
| WC (cm) | 91.1 ± 0.3a | 81.1 ± 0.3b | 80.9 ± 0.4b | <.0001 | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 123.3 ± 0.7a | 117.1 ± 0.6b | 116.6 ± 0.8b | <.0001 | |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 77.8 ± 0.5a | 73.4 ± 0.5b | 72.4 ± 0.6b | <.0001 | |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 89.6 ± 0.7a | 87.3 ± 0.6b | 86.4 ± 0.8b | <.0001 | |
| HDL-c (mg/dL) | 52.9 ± 0.7b | 58.0 ± 0.6a | 57.8 ± 0.8a | <.0001 | |
| TG (mg/dL) | 140.4 ± 3.9a | 126.4 ± 3.7b | 122.5 ± 4.0b | .004 | |
| Follow up years | 2.2 | ||||
P values were obtained from Rao–Scott χ2 tests for categorical variables and Bonferroni multiple comparison of one-way analysis of variance and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Bold values indicate results that are statistically significant (P < .05).
a, b, and c indicate statistically significant ordered differences among groups (P < .05), based on ANCOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison test.
ANCOVA = way analysis of variance and analysis of covariance, BP = blood pressure, FBG = fasting blood glucose, HDL-c = high density lipoprotein cholesterol, KHEI = Korean Healthy Eating Index, MET = metabolic equivalent of task, PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, TG = triglyceride, WC = waist circumference.
Monthly household income was divided into 3 groups: low (<3,000,000 won), middle (3,000,000–6,999,000 won), and high (≥7,000,000 won).
Smoking status was categorized as smoker (if they had smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetime) or non-smoker.
Alcohol consumption was evaluated as non-heavy or heavy drinkers (defined as alcohol intake ≥ 5 glasses for male and ≥ 4 glasses for female subjects on one occasion ≥ once a week).
Physical activity: total MET minutes per week: insufficient (<600 MET-min/wk); sufficient (≥600 MET-min/wk).
Global sleep score (GSS) was classified into 2 different level; good: GSS ≤ 5 or poor: 5 < GSS by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) level.
Total KHEI (Korean Healthy Eating Index) score was classified into 2 different level; lower (Q1 and Q2) or higher (Q3 and Q4).
Least-square means ± SE adjusted for age and sex.