Table 2. Clinical and bone characteristics by age group and locomotive syndrome status.
| Total | p-Value | <65 years | p-Value | ≥65 years | p-Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without LS (n = 513) |
With LS (n = 892) |
Without LS (n = 340) |
With LS (n = 408) |
Without LS (n = 173) |
With LS (n = 484) |
||||
| Age, years | 61.2 ± 6.2 | 64.2 ± 6.7 | <0.001 | 57.5 ± 4.1 | 58.0 ± 3.9 | 0.173 | 68.4 ± 2.4 | 69.5 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 21.1 ± 2.7 | 21.8 ± 3.2 | <0.001 | 20.9 ± 2.7 | 21.7 ± 3.4 | <0.001 | 21.4 ± 2.8 | 22.0 ± 3.1 | 0.023 |
| Hormone treatment, n (%) | 86 (16.8) | 137 (15.4) | 0.488 | 56 (16.5) | 74 (18.1) | 0.549 | 30 (17.3) | 63 (13.0) | 0.161 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 15 (2.9) | 27 (3.0) | 0.913 | 13 (3.8) | 13 (3.2) | 0.636 | 2 (1.2) | 14 (2.9) | 0.203 |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 259 (50.5) | 410 (46.0) | 0.102 | 182 (53.5) | 216 (52.9) | 0.872 | 77 (44.5) | 194 (40.1) | 0.310 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 165 (32.2) | 372 (41.7) | <0.001 | 85 (25.0) | 124 (30.4) | 0.102 | 80 (46.2) | 248 (51.2) | 0.259 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 13 (2.5) | 39 (4.4) | 0.079 | 5 (1.5) | 9 (2.2) | 0.460 | 8 (4.6) | 30 (6.2) | 0.447 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 216 (42.1) | 418 (46.9) | 0.085 | 139 (40.9) | 192 (47.1) | 0.090 | 77 (44.5) | 226 (46.7) | 0.621 |
| Renal dysfunction, n (%) | 96 (18.7) | 156 (17.5) | 0.565 | 51 (15.0) | 52 (12.7) | 0.373 | 45 (26.0) | 104 (21.5) | 0.223 |
| Sleep disorder, n (%) | 187 (36.5) | 419 (47.0) | <0.001 | 120 (35.3) | 188 (46.1) | 0.003 | 67 (38.7) | 231 (47.7) | 0.041 |
| Physical activity, METs-h/week | 2.9 ± 3.2 | 2.7 ± 3.6 | 0.273 | 2.5 ± 3.0 | 1.9 ± 2.4 | 0.006 | 3.7 ± 0.6 | 3.3 ± 4.1 | 0.320 |
| Grip strength, kg | 30.3 ± 4.6 | 28.4 ± 5.0 | <0.001 | 30.9 ± 4.6 | 29.7 ± 4.8 | <0.001 | 29.0 ± 4.2 | 27.3 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
| Bone parameters | |||||||||
| Cortical bone thickness, mm | 3.0 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.5 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
| Cortical bone thickness, %YAM | 77.6 ± 18.7 | 69.5 ± 18.3 | <0.001 | 82.6 ± 17.7 | 77.4 ± 17.2 | <0.001 | 67.8 ± 16.8 | 62.8 ± 16.4 | <0.001 |
| Trabecular bone density, mg/cm3 | 163.5 ± 47.2 | 147.6 ± 46.4 | <0.001 | 171.9 ± 47.8 | 164.5 ± 47.5 | 0.034 | 147.0 ± 41.2 | 133.4 ± 40.4 | <0.001 |
| Trabecular bone density, %YAM | 80.1 ± 23.1 | 72.3 ± 22.7 | <0.001 | 84.2 ± 23.4 | 80.6 ± 23.3 | 0.034 | 71.9 ± 20.0 | 65.4 ± 19.8 | <0.001 |
Values are mean ± standard deviation or frequency and percentage.
The percentages of cortical bone thickness and trabecular bone density relative to the young adult mean (%YAM) represent the ratio of each parameter to the average values observed in healthy young adults (aged 20–44 years).
LS, locomotive syndrome; BMI, body mass index; h, hours; MET, metabolic equivalent; %YAM, %young adult mean