Table 2.
Percent change (and 95% CI) in CIMT (μm) associated with a 10 μg/m3 change in ambient outdoor PM2.5 concentration at the residential ZIP code in the total population (n = 798).a
| Total sample (798)
|
Females ≥60 years (186)
|
Lipid-lowering therapy (109)
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modela (with adjustment factors in the model) | Percent change | p-Value | Percent change | p-Value | Percent change | p-Value |
| None (unadjusted estimate) | 5.9 (1.0–10.9) | 0.018 | 19.2 (8.8–30.5) | 0.001 | 15.8 (2.1–31.2) | 0.024 |
| Age, sex, education, incomeb | 4.4 (0.0–9.0) | 0.056 | 15.7 (5.7–26.6) | 0.002 | 13.3 (0–28.5) | 0.051 |
| All above plus active and passive smoking, multivitamins, alcohol | 4.2 (–0.2–8.9) | 0.064 | 13.8 (4.0–24.5) | 0.002 | 13.3 (–0.3–28.8) | 0.060 |
a
Unadjusted association (crude model) and estimates from two multivariate models; 95% CIs of the estimates are shown in parentheses. The relative effects are based on a linear model with log intima-media thickness as dependent variable.
b
Factors with univariate associations with both, CIMT and PM2.5.