Table 2.
Synthetic Wnt/β-catenin modulators and their limitations
| Compound | Target | Application | Clinical Status | Limitations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romosozumab | Anti-sclerostin antibody | Osteoporosis | FDA-approved | Cardiovascular risks; potential cancer promotion |
| DKK-1 inhibitors | DKK-1 | Osteoporosis | Preclinica/Phase I | Off-target toxicity |
| PORCN inhibitors | Block Wnt ligand secretion | Cancer | Clinical trials | GI toxicity; impaired stem cell function |
| Frizzled antibodies | Block Wnt-FZD binding | Cancer | Clinical trials | Lack of selectivity; immune effects |
| β-catenin/TCF disruptors | Transcriptional inhibition | Cancer | Preclinical | Poor pharmacokinetics; systemic toxicity |