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. 2026 Jan 1;15(1):92. doi: 10.3390/biology15010092
VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor
VEGFR-1/2 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptors 1 and 2
PDGF Platelet-derived growth factor
PDGF-A/B/C/D PDGF isoforms
TGF-β Transforming growth factor-beta
IGF-1/2 Insulin-like growth factor-1/2
EGF Epidermal growth factor
EGFR Epidermal growth factor receptor
FGF Fibroblast growth factor
FGFR Fibroblast growth factor receptor
MMPs Matrix metalloproteinases
TIMPs Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
IL-6, IL-1β Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1 beta
PLCγ Phospholipase C-gamma
PKC Protein kinase C
Raf Rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma kinase
MEK Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
TbRI Transforming growth factor-β receptor type I
PP2C Protein phosphatase 2C
mTOR Mechanistic target of rapamycin