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. 2025 Dec 26;18(1):80. doi: 10.3390/nu18010080
4-HNE 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine
ACC Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase
aP2 Adipocyte protein 2
AKT Protein kinase B
ARA Arachidonic acid
AST Aspartate aminotransferase
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
AX Astaxanthin
C/F Capillary-to-fiber ratio
CAF Capillaries per fiber
CD36 Cluster of differentiation 36
CK Creatine kinase
COX-2 Cyclooxygenase-2
CPT1 Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1
CSA Cross-sectional area
cTnT Cardiac troponin T
CTRP2 C1q/TNF-related protein 2
CTRP9 C1q/TNF-related protein 9
CYP27A1 Cytochrome P450 27A1
CYP7A1 Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
DHA Docosahexaenoic acid
DOMS Delayed onset muscle soreness
EPA Eicosapentaenoic acid
FAS Fatty acid synthase
FCSA Muscle fiber cross-sectional area
GDF8 Growth differentiation factor 8
GDF15 Growth differentiation factor 15
GLUT4 Glucose transporter type 4
GPDH Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
HFD High-fat diets
Hif-2α Hypoxia-inducible factor 2α
HIIT High-Intensity Interval Training
IL Interleukin
iNOS Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IRS-1 Insulin receptor substrate-1
JNK C-jun N-terminal kinase
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
Ldlr/ Low-density lipoprotein receptor–deficient
LXRα Liver X receptor alpha
MAPK Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MDA Malondialdehyde
MVC Maximum voluntary contraction
NAD+ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NF-κB Nuclear factor kappa B
NLCs Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
Nrf1 Nuclear respiratory factor 1
Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PGC-1α Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PI3K Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
PPARα Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
PPARγ Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPARδ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta
PRDM16 PR/SET domain containing 16
PUFA Polyunsaturated fatty acid
RCTs Randomized controlled trial
RONS Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species
ROS Reactive oxygen species
SCD-1 Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1
SIRT1 Sirtuin 1
SIRT3 Sirtuin 3
SLNs Solid lipid nanoparticles
SREBP-1c Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c
TFAM Mitochondrial transcription factor A
TNF-α Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TPP+ Triphenylphosphonium
UCP1 Uncoupling protein 1
WAT White adipose tissue