AMP	AMP-activated protein kinase
BMAL1	Brain and muscle Arnt-like 1
BSH	Bile salt hydrolase
CREB	cAMP response element-binding protein
Cyp7a1	Cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
eTRE	Early time-restricted eating
FFAR2/3	Free fatty acid receptor 2/3
FXR	Farnesoid X receptor
G6Pase	Glucose-6-phosphatase
GLP-1	Glucagon-like peptide-1
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin A1c
HGP	Hepatic glucose production
ICAM-2	Intercellular adhesion molecule 2
IF	Intermittent fasting
IL-10	Interleukin-10
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
MAM	Microbial anti-inflammatory molecule
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
PEPCK	Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PLC	Phospholipase C
PYY	Peptide YY
RCT	Randomized controlled trial
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor beta
TGR5	Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5
TLR2	Toll-like receptor 2
TRF	Time-restricted feeding
ZO-1	Zonula occludens-1