Table 2.
Biochar proximate Analysis, fuel quality ratios and Biochar yield (All samples, except ‘Slow-cooling hazelnut’, were produced via standard rapid Cooling).
| Sample | Moisturead(wt%) | Volatile matterd(wt%) | Ashd(wt%) | Fixed carbond(wt%) | Fuel ratio (FC/VM) | Biochar yield (wt%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pine | 3.77 ± 0.02 | 20.75 ± 0.30 | 0.86 ± 0.01 | 74.61 ± 0.31 | 3.60 | 34.81 ± 0.72 |
| Pinecone | 6.49 ± 0.10 | 12.34 ± 0.18 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 80.20 ± 0.21 | 6.50 | 36.05 ± 0.95 |
| Hazelnut shell | 4.94 ± 0.07 | 12.10 ± 0.05 | 2.54 ± 0.01 | 80.43 ± 0.12 | 6.65 | 32.74 ± 0.61 |
| Swine manure | 3.49 ± 0.03 | 12.06 ± 0.18 | 48.34 ± 0.18 | 36.12 ± 0.21 | 2.99 | 49.56 ± 1.22 |
| Slow-cooling hazelnut shell | 5.55 ± 0.09 | 9.51 ± 0.14 | 2.05 ± 0.03 | 82.89 ± 0.20 | 8.72 | 32.89 ± 0.58 |
| Oak pruning residues | 6.25 ± 0.02 | 19.49 ± 0.29 | 22.40 ± 0.35 | 51.86 ± 0.22 | 2.66 | 33.92 ± 0.84 |
ad air dried basis, d dry basis.