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. 2025 Dec 6;16:1120. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-30809-5

Table 3.

Ultimate Biochar Analysis.

Sample Nd (wt%) Cd (wt%) Hd (wt%) Sd (wt%) Od (wt%)
Pine 1.16 ± 0.02 80.96 ± 0.49 3.04 ± 0.05 n.d. 13.97 ± 0.48
Pinecone 0.97 ± 0.01 82.26 ± 0.96 1.78 ± 0.06 n.d. 14.02 ± 0.91
Hazelnut shell 0.99 ± 0.02 76.88 ± 1.68 2.27 ± 0.07 n.d. 17.33 ± 1.75
Swine manure 2.52 ± 0.04 37.12 ± 0.29 1.54 ± 0.04 0.09 ± 0.01 10.38 ± 0.24
Slow-cooling hazelnut shell 0.94 ± 0.02 82.97 ± 1.67 1.78 ± 0.01 n.d. 12.26 ± 1.65
Oak pruning residues 2.02 ± 0.05 52.39 ± 1.20 1.21 ± 0.05 n.d. 21.99 ± 1.28

d dry basis, n.d. not detected.