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. 2025 Dec 6;16:1120. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-30809-5

Table 4.

Calorimetric analysis of biochar.

Sample HHVad (MJ/kg) LHVad (MJ/kg) Predicted HHV (MJ/kg)
Pine 30.51 ± 0.79 29.82 ± 0.79 30.37
Pinecone 29.78 ± 0.12 29.29 ± 0.12 29.33
Hazelnut shell 32.20 ± 0.26 31.64 ± 0.26 27.65
Swine manure 12.44 ± 0.08 12.05 ± 0.08 12.65
Slow-cooling hazelnut shell 30.17 ± 0.06 29.70 ± 0.06 29.74
Oak pruning residues 18.03 ± 0.09 17.65 ± 0.09 16.94

ad air dried basis.