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. 2025 Dec 6;16:1120. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-30809-5

Table 6.

Comparison of top biochars with ISO 17225-2 (Class A1) Standard36.

Parameter Hazelnut shell biochar Pinecone biochar ISO 17225-2 (class A1 - premium wood pellets)
LHV (MJ/kg, ad) 31.64 29.29 ≥ 16.5
Ash content (%, d) 2.54 0.96 ≤ 0.7
Nitrogen content (%, d) 0.99 0.97 ≤ 0.3
Sulphur content (%, d) n.d. n.d. ≤ 0.04

n.d. Not detected.