Fig. 4.

Moderate exercise is associated with increased microbiota diversity. (a–c) Alpha Diversity. (a) Chao1. One-way ANOVA: F (5.283), p-value = 0.011, η2 = 0.514. (b) Simpson Index. One-way ANOVA: F (3.16), p-value = 0.056, η2 = 0.387. (c) Shannon Index. One-way ANOVA: F (3.541), p-value = 0.041, η2 = 0.415. (d) Beta Diversity. PERMANOVA: F (2.8), p-value = 0.001. (e–f) Taxonomy proportion by groups. Rare taxa include all families or genera representing <1% of the total for each sample or animal. (e) Proportion of Families. (f) Proportion of Genera. (g) UPSET plot of the genera present in each group out of the 96 identified genera. Intersection size represents the number of common genera among groups. (h–o) Differential expression of the 15 bacterial genera with fdr ≤ 0.1. (h) Eubacterium ruminantium, One-way ANOVA: F (4.66), p-value = 0.017. (i) Clostridium sensu stricto1. One-way ANOVA: F (13.08), p-value = 0.00018. (j) Candidatus Saccharimonas. One-way ANOVA: F (4.67), p-value = 0.016. (k) Alloprevotella. One-way ANOVA: F (5.425), p-value = 0.009. (l) Helicobacter. One-way ANOVA: F (231.28), p-value = 8.87e-13. (m) Rikenellaceae RC9. One-way ANOVA: F (10.78), p-value = 0.0004. (n) Peptococcus. One-way ANOVA: F (6.317), p-value = 0.005. (o) Enterorhabdus. One-way ANOVA: F (27.893), p-value = 2.36e-6. (p–r) Pearson correlation of differential expression with the Cognitive Index. (p) Angelakisella. One-way ANOVA: F (8.88), p-value = 0.001. Correlation with CI, rho = −0.51, p = 0.026. (q) Erysipelatoclostridium. One-way ANOVA: F (5.046), p-value = 0.01. Correlation with CI, rho = −0.55, p = 0.015. (r) Acetatifactor. One-way ANOVA: F (6.91), p-value = 0.003. Correlation with CI, rho = 0.56, p = 0.12. (s) Coriobacteriaceae UCG-002. One-way ANOVA: F (16.96), p-value = 4.37e-5. Correlation with CI, rho = −0.67, p = 0.0018. n = 5, SED group; n = 5, RUN group; n = 5, RUNtime group; n = 4, RUNvel group. Between-group comparisons p-value ∗<0.05, ∗∗<0.01, ∗∗∗<0.001. Ns, not significant.