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. 2025 Aug 5;119:105876. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105876

Fig. 5.

Fig. 5

Fecal microbiota transplant from moderate runners induces cognitive improvement and promotes neurogenesis. (a) Experimental design. (b) Novel Object Recognition. Discrimination index. Linear model, F (8,45) = 14.1, p-value = 5.190e-10. One-way ANOVA in each phase. (TNG: F (2.43), p-value = 0.122; STM: F (21.8), p-value = 3.65e-4, η2 = 0.744; LTM: F (11.5), p-value = 9.4e-4, η2 = 0.605. (c) Novel Object Location. Discrimination index. Linear model, F (5,45) = 3.786, p-value = 9.59e-3. One-way ANOVA in each phase. (TNG: F (1.75), p-value = 0.21; STM: F (5.88), p-value = 0.014, η2 = 0.456). (d) Cognitive Index. One-way ANOVA, (F (31.852), p-value = 3.99e-6, η2 = 0.809). Within-group comparisons, paired t-test or Wilcoxon test. (e) Image of SOX2 (red) and GFAP (green); DAPI (blue). (f) SOX2+/GFAP + cells in the SGZ, Kruskal–Wallis, (H (2,18) = 9.27, p-value = 0.009). (g) Image of DCX (red) and CLR (green). (h) DCX+/CLR− cells in the GCL, one-way ANOVA, (F (2.133), p-value = 0.153). (i) DCX+/CLR+ cells in the GCL, one-way ANOVA, (F (5.366), p-value = 0.01, η2 = 0.433). (j) DCX+/CLR+ population correlate with the CI (r = 0.6, p-value = 0.007). (k) Pearson correlations of NHA parameters with the CI. Red box represents significant correlation. White scale bars, 20 μm. Results represent mean ± SEM (n = 6 per group). Between-group comparisons p-value ∗<0.05, ∗∗<0.01, ∗∗∗<0.001. Ns, not significant. Within-group comparisons p-value +<0.05, ++<0.01, +++<0.001.