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. 2025 Aug 30;24(1):231–241. doi: 10.1007/s40258-025-00998-1

Table 3.

Cost and environmental impact of diagnostic imaging

Imaging schedule
3–6-Monthly Most frequent (n = 115) 12-Monthly Intermediate (n = 273) No routine least frequent (n = 165)
Cost Cost per patient-year
(95% CI)
Cost Cost per patient-year
(95% CI)
Cost Cost per patient-year
(95% CI)
Health system costs, AUD
 CT $297,920 $585 (582.5–586.7) $756,554 $463 (461.9–464.0) $88,040 $121 (120.4–122.0)
 PET $76,078 $149 (148.2–150.4) $118,660 $73 (72.2–73.0) $27,174 $37 (37.0–37.9)
 PET and CT $86,200 $169 (168.0–170.3) $210,050 $129 (127.0–129.1) $83,227 $115 (113.8–15.)
 Ultrasound $24,355 $48 (47.2–48.4) $130,201 $80 (79.2–80.1) $8068 $11 (10.9–11.4)
 X-Ray $11,435 $22 (22.0–22.9) $6,321 $4 (3.8–4.0) $1176 $2 (1.5–1.7)
 MRI $63,732 $125 (124.1–126.0) $31,572 $19 (19.1–19.5) $23,896 $33 (32.5–33.3)
 Total $559,728 $1098 (1095.4–1101.1) $1,253,358 $767 (765.6–768.3) $231,581 $319 (317.6–320.2)
Climate change impacts, kg CO2-e
Imaging testa 34,975 69 (67.9–69.4) 72,236 44 (43.9–44.5) 17,706 24 (24.0–24.7)
Transportb 80,456 158 (156.8–159.0) 173,592 106 (105.7–106.7) 18,317 25 (24.9–25.6)
Total 115,431 226 (225.2–227.8) 245,828 150 (149.8–151.0) 36,023 50 (49.1–50.1)
Climate change impacts, AUDc
High CO2-e valuation $26,549 $52 (51.5–52.7) $56,540 $35 (34.3–34.9) $8285 $11 (11.2–11.6)
Central CO2-e valuation $15,006 $29 (29.0–29.9) $31,958 $20 (19.3–19.8) $4683 $6 (6.3–6.6)
Low CO2-e valuation $10,389 $20 (20.0–20.8) $22,124 $14 (13.4–13.7) $3242 $4 (4.3–4.6)

Costs are reported to zero decimal places, and confidence internals are reported to one decimal place

AUD, Australian dollars; CI, confidence interval; CO2-e, carbon dioxide equivalent; SD, standard deviation

aAttributional climate change impact as reported by McAlister et al

bImpact of a return journey by car or a return flight between the relevant capital city and Sydney

cHigh valuation ($230 per tonne CO2-e); central valuation ($130 per tonne CO2-e); low valuation ($90 per tonne CO2-e)