Fig. 2.

Investigation of synthesis mechanism of CNFs. a 2D plot with HSPs as the descriptors and locations of solvents that allows CNFs to be formed. b SEM images of CNFs obtained from different alcohol systems. c XRD spectra of CNFs synthesized from solvent systems of M/BA = 2/3 v/v, M/MA = 3/2 v/v, M/IPA = 2/3 v/v, and M/CA = 2/3 v/v. d HSP distance between CNF analog and different alcohols. e–h IGMH analysis of non-covalent interactions of CNFs with e BA, f MA, g IPA, and h CA. i The calculated Gibbs free energy changes (ΔG) of interested reactions. j-k HR-TEM and l corresponding SAED pattern of an individual CNF