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. 2026 Jan 12;18:142. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-01984-x

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Demonstration of Flexibility of CNFs. a 3D AFM image and b elastic modulus mapping of an individual CNF. c Elastic modulus of CNF compared with traditional fibers. d Dynamic bending and recovery characterizations of an individual CNF. e Illustration and SEM images of a bent CNF. f FEA simulation of the squeezing side of the CNF under dynamic bending