Fig. 3.

Conceptual pipeline for genomic selection in horse breeds. This figure illustrates the integrated workflow for selecting horse breeds based on genomic technologies. The process begins with the collection of high-quality genomic and phenotypic data, followed by computational analyses including variant calling and data processing (e.g., FASTQ, BAM/SAM, and VCF formats). Population-level analyses are then conducted to identify genetic markers associated with key traits such as performance, environmental adaptability, and stress resilience. These markers inform the development of predictive models for estimating genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs). The resulting models are applied across broader populations to identify and select superior individuals for breeding, facilitating the targeted enhancement of desirable traits in future generations