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. 2026 Jan 12;18:193. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-02042-2

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 13 — Wearable flexible devices: design principles. a Magnified photo of the hard island region at various strains on the PDMS film and the array attached to human skin. Reproduced with permission [192].

Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons. b Top: Optical image of a flexible SiNW strain sensor array attached to a human finger. Bottom: Normalized current maps of a sensor matrix under varied strains and its real-time response. Reproduced with permission [193]. Copyright 2025, American Chemical Society. c Schematic illustration of the pickup and printing process of PLMT. Reproduced with permission [194]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. d Left: 3D MMF with serpentine wires. Right: Simulated 3D distributions of light and temperature on neural spheroids. Reproduced with permission [195]. Copyright 2021, The American Association for the Advancement of Science