Fig. 2.

Schematic illustration of multimodal stimulation paradigms for neural signal decoding. a Left: An example trial of the flash-beep paradigm. Right: Across-participants' mean illustrating absolute differences. Reproduced with permission [52].

Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. b Left: Amplitude distribution of evoked EEG signals in response to the words "one" to "nine". Right: The language and frequency spectra of the feedback EEG signals in MASSR-EEG. Reproduced with permission [98]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH. c System performance under different stimulus conditions and pairwise classification accuracy. Reproduced with permission [99]. Copyright 2016, World Scientific Publishing Company. d Stimulation interface for the P300 and SSVEP paradigms. Reproduced with permission [100]. Copyright 2015, IEEE. e Framework of the hybrid EEG signal processing module combining SSVEP and P300. Reproduced with permission [41]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. f Experimental designs for the three BCI paradigms. Reproduced with permission [101]. Copyright 2019, Oxford University Press. g Multidimensional paradigm combining perception, sustained attention, selective attention, and episodic memory tasks, with transfer learning used to predict memory performance. Reproduced with permission [102]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature. h Visual representation of emotion-related components across cortical visual areas. Reproduced with permission [103]. Copyright 2019, The American Association for the Advancement of Science