Fig. 3.

Schematic illustration of multimodal signal acquisition. a Left: EEG and fNIRS features calculated by TRCA. Right: EEG and fNIRS channels. Reproduced with permission [107].

Copyright 2022, IEEE. b EEG-informed fMRI and connectivity analyses in the value-based task. Reproduced with permission [108]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. c Left: 140 ms full-space event topography maps. Right: ITR and classification accuracy of single-modality EEG, single-modality MEG, and MEG-EEG fusion. Reproduced with permission [109]. Copyright 2024, IEEE. d Synchronization performance. Reproduced with permission [110]. Copyright 2017, Springer Nature. e Neurovascular coupling modeling. Reproduced with permission [111]. Copyright 2025, John Wiley and Sons