Fig. 4.

Schematic illustration of single-model deep learning architectures. a Comparison of BCI Decoder Performance with Random Levels and Traditional AR Methods. Reproduced with permission [121].

Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. b Top: Classification performance comparison of ablation studies on two datasets. Bottom: Classification performance comparison of models using different convolutional layer filter blocks. Reproduced with permission [123]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. c Top: Accuracy of five models on the benchmark dataset. Bottom: Classification accuracy of the model under human intervention. Reproduced with permission [124]. Copyright 2025, Elsevier. d Left: Training loss of the generator and discriminator, and schematic of the model algorithm. Right: t-SNE visualization. Reproduced with permission [125]. Copyright 2021, IEEE