Fig. 6.

Hybrid deep learning frameworks for multiscale signal decoding. a Architecture of the CNN-LSTM. Reproduced with permission [131].

Copyright 2025, Elsevier. b Architecture of CNN-LSTM. Reproduced with permission [132]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier. c Architecture of CNN-BiLSTM network and recognition accuracy for different methods. Reproduced with permission [133]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier. d Decoding process of deep neurolinguistic learning in real time. Reproduced with permission [134]. Copyright 2023, IEEE. e Multimodal deep fusion framework and hyperparameter tuning using Bayesian optimization. Reproduced with permission [135]. Copyright 2024, IEEE