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. 2026 Jan 12;18:193. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-02042-2

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — Schematic illustration of the performance characteristics of flexible conductive films. a Schematic diagram of the preparation process for aG-O films. Reproduced with permission [64].

Copyright 2012, American Chemical Society. b Detailed construction of the flexible PENG device. Reproduced with permission [159]. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature. c Left: A plot of luminance for a foldable ACEL device. Right: A plot of the luminance stability of it undergoing a cyclic folding test. Reproduced with permission [160]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. d Schematic overview of the gustatory interface. Reproduced with permission [161]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature. e Left: Flexible single-crystalline SRO membranes. Right: Stress relaxation of the film on a water droplet. Reproduced with permission [162]. Copyright 2022, Springer Nature. f Bending durability of flexible perovskite films. Reproduced with permission [163]. Copyright 2025, Springer Nature