Table 1.

Comparative Analysis of Key Parameters and Impacts of Nanomaterials in Non-Invasive BCIs

Materials	Conductivity	Young's Modulus	Stretchability	Stability	Direct Link to Non-Invasive BCI Performance	References
AgNWs	2.8 Ω sq−1	/	Up to 40%	∆Sheet Resistance ≈ ± 50% @ 100 cycles for 40%	Excellent signal quality; Middle mechanical durability; Middle monitoring density	[181]
AgNWs	3.2–3.6 Ω sq−1	/	/	0% increase in fractional resistance during fatigue testing up to 500,000 cycles	Excellent signal quality; Middle mechanical durability; Middle monitoring density	[182]
Nickel silicide NWs	2 × 106 S m−1	170 GPa	Up to 50%	∆R/R0 <  ± 1.7% @ 10, 000 cycles for 15%	Good signal quality; Middle mechanical durability; High monitoring density	[178]
SiNWs	Several uA under a bias voltage of ± 3 V	170 GPa	Up to 45%	stable ΔR/R0 @10, 000 cycles for 10%	Good signal quality; Middle mechanical durability; High monitoring density	[152]
PEDOT/PSS hydrogels	23.7 S m−1	8–374 kPa	Up to 100%	/	Good signal quality; Good mechanical durability; Middle monitoring density	[183]
d-Sorbitol-PEDOT/PSS hydrogels	> 1,000 S m−1	1.87 MPa	Up to 60%	Strain-insensitive resistance after the initial stretch	Good signal quality; Good mechanical durability; Middle monitoring density	[184]