Table 1.

Categorisation of study area location based on the emerging hotspot analysis (Esri, 2025)

Pattern name	Definition
Intensifying hot or coldspot	A district that is a statistically significant hot or cold spot for at least 90% of the observation period, including the final time point. In addition, there is an overall increase in the intensity of clustering of low and high SDRs at each time point, and this increase is statistically significant
Persistent hot or coldspot	A statistically significant hot or cold spot in at least 90% of the observation period, with no significant trend in clustering intensity
Consecutive hot or coldspot	A district that is consistently identified as a hot or cold spot towards the final time points of the observation period, but was not a significant hot or cold spot before
New hot or coldspot	A statistically significant (p < 0.01) hot or cold spot in the final time point that is not statistically significant in the previous year under observation
Temporary hot or coldspot	Combines sporadic and oscillating patterns. It refers to a district identified as hot- or cold spots at the final time interval but have appeared irreguarly before
No pattern detected	The district does not fit into any defined hot or cold spot pattern