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. 2026 Jan 12;18:112. doi: 10.1007/s40820-025-01964-1

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — a Schematic formation process of the Fe₂O₃/Co₃O₄(I–III), Fe₂O₃ (IV), and Co₃O₄ (I and V), respectively. b Schematic mechanism of the charge and discharge process under light irradiation. Reproduced with permission [156].

Copyright 2024, Elsevier. c Schematic diagram of photo-assisted electrocatalytic water splitting. d LSV curves of overall water splitting performance by using CoO/NiFe LDH as the anode and 20% Pt/C as the cathode. (Inset: The overall water splitting stability test with and without irradiation. Reproduced with permission [157]. Copyright 2024, Elsevier Ltd